Serum Amyloid A1/Toll-Like Receptor-4 Axis, an Important Link between Inflammation and Outcome of TBI Patients.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide without any validated biomarker or set of biomarkers to help the diagnosis and evaluation of the evolution/prognosis of TBI patients. To achieve this aim, a deeper knowledge of the biochemical and pathophysiological processes triggered after the trauma is essential. Here, we identified the serum amyloid A1 protein-Toll-like receptor 4 (SAA1-TLR4) axis as an important link between inflammation and the outcome of TBI patients. Using serum and mRNA from white blood cells (WBC) of TBI patients, we found a positive correlation between serum SAA1 levels and injury severity, as well as with the 6-month outcome of TBI patients. SAA1 levels also correlate with the presence of TLR4 mRNA in WBC. In vitro, we found that SAA1 contributes to inflammation via TLR4 activation that releases inflammatory cytokines, which in turn increases SAA1 levels, establishing a positive proinflammatory loop. In vivo, post-TBI treatment with the TLR4-antagonist TAK242 reduces SAA1 levels, improves neurobehavioral outcome, and prevents blood-brain barrier disruption. Our data support further evaluation of (i) post-TBI treatment in the presence of TLR4 inhibition for limiting TBI-induced damage and (ii) SAA1-TLR4 as a biomarker of injury progression in TBI patients.

Tumor fibroso solitario extra-intramedular de localización dorsal / Solitary fibrous tumor: A clinical case

Introducción: El tumor fibroso solitario (TFS) es un tumor poco frecuente de origen mesenquimal, que se localiza principalmente en pleura. De extraordinaria infrecuencia es su localización a nivel intraespinal, siendo la región torácica la más frecuente. Presentación del caso: Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 48 años con hipoestesia ascendente progresiva en miembros inferiores y mielopatía de un mes de evolución, que se diagnosticó de un tumor intraespinal en segmento D3-D4. Fue intervenida quirúrgicamente mediante abordaje dorsal posterior y laminoplastia D3-D4, hallándose un tumor intradural con componente intramedular, de 18×12mm, aproximadamente. La resección fue completa y la anatomía patológica resultó el diagnóstico de tumor fibroso solitario. La paciente, tras 7 meses de seguimiento se encuentra asintomática. Discusión: La resección completa tumoral junto con las características histopatológicas son los principales factores pronósticos, teniendo la cirugía un papel protagonista en este tipo de neoplasia. Conclusión: Son muy pocos los casos publicados en la literatura de tumor fibroso solitario con localización intraespinal. Con este artículo aportamos un nuevo caso a la misma

Introduction: Solitary fibrous tumor (TFS) is a rare tumor of mesenchymal origin, located mainly in the pleura. It is extraordinarily infrequent find it at the intraespinal level, being the thoracic region the most frequent. Case presentation: We present the case of a 48-year-old patient with progressive ascending lower limb and myelopathy of one month of evolution, with intraspinal location at the D3-D4 level. It was surgically operated by posterior dorsal approach and D3-D4 laminoplasty, with an intradural tumor with an intramedullary component of approximately 18×12mm. The resection was complete and the pathological anatomy gave the diagnosis of solitary fibrous tumor. The patient is currently asymptomatic. Discussion: Complete tumor resection and histopathological features are the main prognostic factors. Surgery have a main role in this type of neoplasia. Conclusion: There are few case published of solitary fibrous tumor with intraspinal localization. We apport another case to the literature

Solitary fibrous tumor: A clinical case. / Tumor fibroso solitario extra-intramedular de localización dorsal.

INTRODUCTION: Solitary fibrous tumor (TFS) is a rare tumor of mesenchymal origin, located mainly in the pleura. It is extraordinarily infrequent find it at the intraespinal level, being the thoracic region the most frequent. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 48-year-old patient with progressive ascending lower limb and myelopathy of one month of evolution, with intraspinal location at the D3-D4 level. It was surgically operated by posterior dorsal approach and D3-D4 laminoplasty, with an intradural tumor with an intramedullary component of approximately 18×12mm. The resection was complete and the pathological anatomy gave the diagnosis of solitary fibrous tumor. The patient is currently asymptomatic. DISCUSSION: Complete tumor resection and histopathological features are the main prognostic factors. Surgery have a main role in this type of neoplasia. CONCLUSION: There are few case published of solitary fibrous tumor with intraspinal localization. We apport another case to the literature.

Resultados quirúrgicos de fracturas cervicales traumáticas en pacientes con espondilitis anquilosante / Surgical outcomes of traumatic cervical fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Objetivo: La espondilitis anquilosante es una enfermedad reumática inflamatoria que afecta principalmente al esqueleto axial. La columna vertebral rígida puede secundariamente desarrollar osteoporosis, lo que aumenta aún más el riesgo de fractura vertebral. En este estudio, hemos revisado las fracturas en pacientes con espondilitis anquilosante que habían sido diagnosticados clínicamente para definir mejor el mecanismo de la lesión, déficit neurológico asociado y las estrategias de tratamiento. Métodos: Entre enero del 2004 y diciembre del 2014, 6 pacientes fueron revisados con espondilitis anquilosante y con complicaciones neurológicas después de caídas. El estudio de neuroimagen se obtuvo en todos los pacientes mediante el uso de la radiografía simple, TC y RM. La discapacidad se valoró según la escala de ASIA, se utilizó con el fin de evaluar el estado neurológico de los pacientes. La decisión quirúrgica se basó en relación con la afectación neurológica y la inestabilidad espinal. Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 6 lesiones cervicales en pacientes con espondilitis anquilosante: 2 presentaron fracturas por mecanismos de extensión y 4 por mecanismos de flexión. Todos los casos fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente. Los 6 pacientes presentaron déficit neurológico postraumático y en 4 de ellos se observó mejoría neurológica tras la cirugía. Dos casos no mejoraron tras la cirugía. Uno de ellos presentó un grado de ASIA A y el otro paciente, que mejoró inicialmente con la cirugía, falleció por neumonía en el postoperatorio dos meses después. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con espondilitis anquilosante son altamente susceptibles a la fractura vertebral y lesiones de la médula espinal, incluso después de traumatismos leves. Se recomienda la TC inicial o la RM de toda la columna vertebral, incluso si los síntomas del paciente son leves. El paciente también debe tener la estabilización quirúrgica temprana para corregir la deformidad espinal y evitar el empeoramiento del estado neurológico del paciente

Objective: Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory rheumatic disease mainly affecting the axial skeleton. The rigid spine may secondarily develop osteoporosis, further increasing the risk of spinal fracture. In this study, we reviewed fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis that had been clinically diagnosed to better define the mechanism of injury, associated neurological deficit, predisposing factors, and management strategies. Methods: Between January 2004 and December 2014, 6 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and neurological complications after injuries were treated. Neuroimaging evaluation was obtained in all patients by using plain radiography, CT scan, and MR imaging. The ASIA Impairment Scale was used in order to evaluate the neurologic status of the patients. Surgical decision was based on relationship of neurological involvement and spinal instability. Results: A total of 6 cervical injuries were identified in a review of patients in whom ankylosing spondylitis had been diagnosed. Of these, 2 patients were associated with a hyperextension mechanism and 4 cases by flexion mechanism. Posttraumatic neurological deficits were demonstrated in all 6 cases and neurological improvement after surgery was observed in 4 of these cases. The two cases were not improved by the surgery was on a case by presenting a degree of Asia A and another patient who initially improved with surgery but died of pneumonia in the postoperative. Conclusions: Patients with ankylosing spondylitis are highly susceptible to spinal fracture and spinal cord injury even after only mild trauma. Initial CT or MR imaging of the whole spine is recommended even if the patient's symptoms are mild. The patient should also have early surgical stabilization to correct spinal deformity and avoid worsening of the patient's neurological status

Surgical outcomes of traumatic cervical fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. / Resultados quirúrgicos de fracturas cervicales traumáticas en pacientes con espondilitis anquilosante.

OBJECTIVE: Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory rheumatic disease mainly affecting the axial skeleton. The rigid spine may secondarily develop osteoporosis, further increasing the risk of spinal fracture. In this study, we reviewed fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis that had been clinically diagnosed to better define the mechanism of injury, associated neurological deficit, predisposing factors, and management strategies. METHODS: Between January 2004 and December 2014, 6 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and neurological complications after injuries were treated. Neuroimaging evaluation was obtained in all patients by using plain radiography, CT scan, and MR imaging. The ASIA Impairment Scale was used in order to evaluate the neurologic status of the patients. Surgical decision was based on relationship of neurological involvement and spinal instability. RESULTS: A total of 6 cervical injuries were identified in a review of patients in whom ankylosing spondylitis had been diagnosed. Of these, 2 patients were associated with a hyperextension mechanism and 4 cases by flexion mechanism. Posttraumatic neurological deficits were demonstrated in all 6 cases and neurological improvement after surgery was observed in 4 of these cases. The two cases were not improved by the surgery was on a case by presenting a degree of Asia A and another patient who initially improved with surgery but died of pneumonia in the postoperative. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ankylosing spondylitis are highly susceptible to spinal fracture and spinal cord injury even after only mild trauma. Initial CT or MR imaging of the whole spine is recommended even if the patient's symptoms are mild. The patient should also have early surgical stabilization to correct spinal deformity and avoid worsening of the patient's neurological status.

Tractografía en fenómeno de Kernohan: presentación de un caso de hematoma subdural agudo / Tractography in Kernohan’s phenomenon: report of a case of acute subdural haematoma

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